The Hispano-Suiza 12M was one of two new V-12 engine designs first run in 1927–1928. It produced about 375 kW (500 hp), was the first to use gas nitride hardening and introduced wet cylinder liners into Hispano-Suiza's aircraft engine range.

Design and development

Up to 1927, Hispano-Suiza's many engine types, of various layouts and cylinder numbers, were all recognisable developments of the

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V-8

Hispano-Suiza 8 The Hispano-Suiza 8 was a water-cooled V8 SOHC aero engine introduced by Hispano-Suiza in 1914, and was the most commonly used liquid-cooled engine in the aircraft of the Entente Powers during the First World War. The original Hispano-Suiza ...

. 1927-8 saw the introduction of four completely new engines, two V-12s and two with six cylinders inline. The Hispano-Suiza 12M, known by the manufacturers as the Type 57, was the smaller of the V-12s, with a

displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and Physics *Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...

of 27.0 L (1,648 cu in), the other being the 36.0 L (2,197 cu in) 12N. Apart from capacity and power, these two engines had much in common. The 12M first ran in 1927 and the 12N a year later. Both 12M and 12N were 60° V engines with

carburettor A carburetor (also spelled carburettor) is a device used by an internal combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine. The primary method of adding fuel to the intake air is through the venturi tube in the main meterin ...

inlets An inlet is a (usually long and narrow) indentation of a shoreline, such as a small arm, bay, sound, fjord, lagoon or marsh, that leads to an enclosed larger body of water such as a lake, estuary, gulf or marginal sea. Overview In marine geogra ...

and exhausts on the outer faces. There were three carburettors per bank, each charging a pair of cylinders. Much of the new technology was in the cylinder design: these types introduced

wet liner In an internal combustion engine, the engine block is the structure which contains the cylinders and other components. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was atta ...

s, an Hispano automobile engine innovation which brought the cooling water into direct contact with the steel cylinder barrel rather than by screwing it into an aluminium water jacket. This improved cooling, simplified assembly and allowed larger cylinder bores without increasing their separation. The cylinder barrels were open at top and bottom and threaded for screwing into the block only near the top, with valve seats ground into the aluminium cylinder head. The lower end of the barrel extended into the crankcase, simplifying both manufacture and assembly. Block and crankcase were bolted together. The 12M and 12N engines were the first to use the gas nitriding surface hardening process on the cylinder walls, which reduced both wear and oil consumption. They also used a novel, complicated but effective method of

main bearing Main may refer to: Geography * Main River (disambiguation) **Most commonly the Main (river) in Germany * Main, Iran, a village in Fars Province *"Spanish Main", the Caribbean coasts of mainland Spanish territories in the 16th and 17th centuries ...

cooling, enhancing the local lubricant flow without requiring high overall oil pump speeds. Both types were designed so that

epicyclic gearing An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) consists of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear revolves around the center of the other. A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates the planet and sun gea ...

could be added or removed quickly; some earlier Hispano-Suiza engines offered gearing but as a permanent fixture on a specific sub-type. The

Farman Farman Aviation Works (french: Avions Farman) was a French aircraft company founded and run by the brothers Richard, Henri, and Maurice Farman. They designed and constructed aircraft and engines from 1908 until 1936; during the French national ...

gears added 45 kg (99 lb) to the weight. The first commercial version of the 12M was the 12Mb of 1929. This had a

compression ratio The compression ratio is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. A fundamental specification for such engines, it is measured two ways: the stati ...

of 6.2 and a maximum power output of 432 kW (580 hp) at a speed of 2,100 rpm. In geared-down form it became the 12Mbr. These both had aluminium crankcases but the next model, the 12Mc of 1930, replaced the aluminium with Elektron metal both there and in other previously aluminium components. Though rather brittle, Elektron metal has only 2/3 the density of aluminium and the result was a 20 kg (44 lb) weight reduction from the 12Mb to the 12Mc. The 12Mc also had an increased compression ratio of 7.0, raising the power from the nominal 478 kW (575 hp) of the 12Mb to 477 kW (640 hp). The model 12Md retained the Elektron metal components but returned to the 6.2 compression ratio of the 12Mb. Both 12Mc and 12Md had geared down versions, the 12Mcr and 12Mdr respectively. The 12Mc was an early example of an attempt to solve the problem of falling engine power with increasing altitude; it was "undercharged", running

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at sea level and only developing its maximum power at 2,000 m (6,490 ft). A final 12M variant, the 12Mdsh run in 1932, addressed this problem differently; it was the first Hispano-Suiza engine to be

supercharged In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement. The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced induct ...

, blown by a Rateau turbine. It produced 477 kW (640 hp) at 2,250 rpm at an altitude 2,950 m (9,678 ft). Test flown in a Dewoitine D.32, it maintained power up to 5,500 m (18,000 ft). The 12M series was developed into the 12X (Type 72)

engine, first run in 1931.

Operational history

The

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government, in the form of the KTA (Kriegstechnischen Abteilung or War Technical Department) purchased construction licences for the 12Mb and in 1932 sixty units were built at the Schweizerische Lokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik factory. A Blériot-SPAD S.91-7, powered by a 12Mc engine, set a 500 km closed-circuit record of 308.78 km/h (191.91 mph) on 2 June 1932.

Variants

''List from Hispano Suiza in Aeronautics.'' ;12Mb/500: Compression ratio 6.2. Nominal power 428 kW (575 hp) at 2,000 rpm. ;12Mbr/500: Compression ratio 6.2. Nominal power 421 kW (565 hp) at 2,000 rpm. As 12Mb but with Farman reducer. ;12Mc/500: Compression ratio 7.0. Nominal power 477 kW (640 hp) at 2,200 rpm. Elektron crankcase and other components. ;12Mcr/500: As 12Mc but with Farman reducer. ;12Md: Compression ratio 6.2. Nominal power 428 kW (575 hp) at 2,100 rpm. Elektron crankcase and other components. ;12Mdr: As 12Md but with Farman reducer. ;12Mdsh: Nominal power 477 kW (640 hp) at 2,250 rpm and altitude 2,950 m (9,678 ft). First supercharged version.

Applications

* Blériot-SPAD 91-7 * Dewoitine D.32 * Lioré et Olivier LeO 252, 235, 234, 236 * Nieuport-Delage 622 and 629

Specifications (12Mbr/500)

References